We identified gene products of the melanization and Toll pathways in M. Here we present evidence from transcriptome and proteome analyses that extra-embryonic tissues (yolk and serosa) of early-stage Manduca sexta eggs are immune competent, with expression of immune effector genes including prophenoloxidase and antimicrobial peptides. However, how these innate immune reactions are regulated in insect eggs remains unclear. The melanization and Toll pathways, regulated by a network of serine proteases and noncatalytic serine protease homologs (SPHs), have been investigated mostly in adult and larval insects.
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